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1 Spode, Josiah
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 1754 Stoke-on-Trent, Englandd. 16 July 1827 Penkhull, Staffordshire, England[br]English pottery inventor of bone china and ironstone.[br]After learning the potter's trade in his father's works, Spode set up in business on his own. He especially favoured blue-printed ware, in particular willow-pattern. He also improved the jasper, Egyptian black and cream ware that were produced by a number of potters at the time. He employed William Copeland, a traveller in the trade, to market his products and together they established a base in London. He later took Copeland into partnership to manage the London end of the business. In 1800 Spode began to make porcelain and introduced bone ash and feldspar into the paste, increasing the transparency of the ware; it came to be known as that most characteristically English of ware, bone china. In 1805 he introduced an opaque ware under the name of ironstone, much of which was exported to France, where it supplanted faience ware.The Prince of Wales visited Spode's pottery in 1806 and he was appointed a potter to the King. In 1812 Spode installed a steam-engine in his works and effected many other improvements. Spode was called "the most successful china manufacturer of his time"; this seems fair, for he won both fame and fortune.[br]Further ReadingA.Hayden, 1925, Spode and His Successors: A History of the Pottery 1765–2865, London.LRD -
2 cylindrée
cylindrée [silɛ̃dʀe]feminine noun• une grosse/petite cylindrée a big-engined/small-engined car* * *silɛ̃dʀe1) ( volume) capacity, sizevoiture de petite/grosse cylindrée — car with a small/powerful engine
2) (moto, voiture)petite cylindrée — ( voiture) car with a small engine; ( moto) light motorcycle
grosse cylindrée — ( voiture) powerful car; ( moto) powerful motorcycle
* * *silɛ̃dʀe nfAUTOMOBILES capacity* * *cylindrée nf1 ( volume) capacity, size; cylindrée de 1200 cm3 1200 cc engine, engine capacity of 1200 cc; voiture de petite/grosse cylindrée car with a small/powerful engine;2 (moto, voiture) petite cylindrée ( voiture) car with a small engine; ( moto) light motorcycle; grosse cylindrée ( voiture) powerful car; ( moto) powerful motorcycle.[silɛ̃dre] nom fémininune petite cylindrée a small ou small-engined car -
3 заменитель
••Anhydrous sodium tetraborate prepared by high-temperature dehydration of borax is used as a replacement for the parent material.
* * *Заменитель -- substitute (for); equivalent (of) (равноценный)Viton was used as a substitute for Buna N.Mobil Delvac 1200, or equivalent, is the recommended engine lubricating oil.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > заменитель
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